USB fW^J HOWTO

Dave Kelly

daveekelly@earthlink.net

R - {

PDC01212@nifty.com

2002 N 4 

Revision History                                                       
Revision 2.0       2002 N 6  2             Revised by: tab        
Docbook XML 4.1.2 `ɕϊ                                           
Revision 1.0       2002 N 4  13            Revised by: dek        
ŌJ                                                               

 

Table of Contents
1. CZX
   
    1.1. 쌠
    1.2. ړI
    1.3. ΏۂƂ@
    1.4. Ql
   
2. { HOWTO ̑O
3. 
4. XNvgt@C
   
    4.1. ʃ[U[ƂăOCĂꍇ
    4.2. X[p[[U[ƂăOCĂꍇ
    4.3. XNvgs\ɂ
    4.4. XNvg̎sɍs鏈
   
5. sƔ
   
    5.1. QĂӂ߂OɊmF
   
6. ł炸ɊmF邱!
7. Ō̂܂
A. t^ A
   
    A.1. PART 1
    A.2. PART 2
   
B. t^ B
C. t^ C
D. Gnu Free Documentation License
   
    D.1. PREAMBLE
    D.2. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
    D.3. VERBATIM COPYING
    D.4. COPYING IN QUANTITY
    D.5. MODIFICATIONS
    D.6. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
    D.7. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
    D.8. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
    D.9. TRANSLATION
    D.10. TERMINATION
    D.11. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
    D.12. How to use this License for your documents
   
E. {ɂ

 

Chapter 1. CZX

1.1. 쌠

Copyright 2001 Dave Kelly, et al.

Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or
any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no
Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover
Texts. A copy of the license is included in Appendix D.

 

1.2. ړI

{ HOWTO ̑Ώۂ́ALinux ̏S҂Ńjo[TVAoX (USB) }X
Xg[WΉ̃fW^JɎĂlƂꂩw悤
ĂlłB̂悤ɁAãv[gɒNfWJ
Ƃ΁Aꂽl̋CQȂ̂ŕԂĂ܂
͂ł܂B Linux ̃}jAnǂăfWJ𓮂Ƃ
܂B}jAɂ͂łȂƂ͏ĂȂA܂ȂȂA
܂ɓĂȂ̂͏񂾂łB

 

1.3. ΏۂƂ@

ł̎菇 Linux J[lo[W 2.4.8 ŊmFAeXgɎg
@ 4MB  64MB ̃[XeBbN\j[ P-50 TCo[V
bgƃIpXJp USB X}[gJ[h[_[łBo[W
 2.2.19 ȍ~̃J[lłΓ삷Ǝv܂Aۏ؂͂܂
B̂Ƃł̓o[W 2.2.15 ̃J[lœ삵ȂƂ͊mF
B

{ HOWTO ̓e͎guƂ̑̌kłBȊOɂ
@̂ł傤AJ[l̍ăRpCv̂Ŏ̍D݂
͂܂B HOWTO ǂ߂΁AԈႢȂ USB }XXg[WN
ɔF悤ɂȂ܂B

܂ Linux ͔Wr̋ZpłA̐lԂւZpł̂
AǎҌŗL̋^ɑ΂铚 HOWTO ɌȂĂAT
̂ɂǂn߂ƗǂĂ͂łBT̉ߒŉ@
oĂB

"gphoto2 README" ̈pȉɎ܂BΏLȊÕJ
̎菇Ōq@ɂăqg邩܂B (Nɒ
쌠ÂAO܂łB) XVɂĂ
"gphoto" ̃NQƂĂ\ http://www.gphoto.org

    ɂ USB }XXg[WvgRT|[gJ
    ܂B USB }XXg[WvgR͌Jς݂łAg΂
    ȋLfoCXłނ킸ANZX\łB USB oRŃRs
    [^[ɐڑJfBXNłłB USB }XXg[W
    vgRp̃hCo͊ɑ݂̂ŁAgphoto2 ̂悤ȃvO
    ǉKv͂܂B
   
    _ł͎̋@킪 USB }XXg[WvgRT|[gĂ
    悤ł\
   
      Casio QV [2x00,3x00,8000]
       
      Fuji FinePix S1 Pro, [1400,2400,4700]Zoom, 1300, 4500
       
      HP PhotoSmart 315, 618, 912
       
      Leica Digilux 4.3
       
      Konica KD300Z
       
      Kyocera Finecam s3
       
      Minolta Dimage 7
       
      Nikon Coolpix 995
       
      Olympus C-100, C-200Z, C-700, C-860L, C-2040, C-3020Z, C-3040Z,
        C-4040Zoom, D-510, E-10
       
      Pentax Optio 330
       
      Sony DSC-F505(V), DSC P5, DSC-F707
       
    d˂Č܂AL̃J gphoto2 ̓ANZXł܂B
   
    Kodak SɂȂĊJ PTP ܂ USB C[WOfoCX
    Ă΂vgRT|[gJ܂B gphoto2 ł PTP
    ܂T|[gĂ܂񂪁A jPhoto <http://
    jphoto.sourceforge.net> T|[gĂ܂B PTP vgRT|
    [gJ͎̋@ł\
   
      Kodak DC-4800, DX-3215, DX-3500, DX-3600, DX-3700, DX-3900, MC3
        y Kodak Easy ShareTM VXe̗pJS
       
      Sony DSC-P5, DSC-F707 (2@Ƃ[U[ݒ肷Kv
        )
       
    gphoto2  PTP vgRT|[g܂ŏL@ɂ͑Ή܂
    B
   
 

1.4. Ql

ȉ̃}jAy HOWTO ɖڂʂƂ߂܂Bɗ
fڂĂ܂B

 

1.4.1. Man Page

 E lsmod
   
 E modprobe
   
 E mount
   
 E mv
   
 E su
   
 E fstab
   
 E mtab
   
 E dir
   
 E install
   
 E mknod
   
 E chown
   
 

1.4.2. HOWTO

 E Module-HOWTO
   
 E Bash-Prog-Intro-HOWTO
   
 E SCSI-2.4-HOWTO
   
 E Hardware-HOWTO
   
命̃fBXgr[V HOWTO Ŝ𓯍Ă܂A
ĂȂ http://www.tldp.org Ŏɓ܂B

 

1.4.3. EFuTCg

 E http://www2.one-eyed-alien.net/~mdharm/Linux-usb/
   
 E http://www.Linux-usb.org/USB-guide/book1.html
   
 

Chapter 2. { HOWTO ̑O

gĂVXéAAthlon 900  40GB ̃n[hfBXN𓋍ڂ
܂B SCSI  USB ڑ̃foCX͎ĂȂāAJ[l SCSI 
USB hCogݍ܂ɃRpCĂ܂B SCSI  USB ̃hCo
̓W[ƂăRpCĂ܂B Mandrake 8.1 ̃J[l
2.4.8_26mdk gĂ܂AJ[lx̍ƂȂ̂ŁA̓̕
e̓fBXgr[V킸Kp\Ȃ͂łB

Xɂ̑̕OƂĂ͎̂̂܂\

 E SCSI  USB p̃W[͈؃[hA}EgĂ܂B
   
 E ǎ҂X[p[[U[łAroot ̃pX[hmĂ܂B
   
 E JƂṔAJJ[h[_[yтǂ USB }XXg
    [WfoCXɂǂݑւ܂B
   
 E }Eg|Cg "camera" Ȃ킿 /mnt/camera ́Aŏqׂfo
    CXŵł͂܂B/mnt fBNg cdrom,
    disk, floppy ÃfoCX݂ł傤B̃}Vł
    Âق "camera" ܂B /mnt fBNgɂ̂̓f
    BNgłA}Eg|CgłB
   
 E "[bash]$" ̓R}hCvvg\܂BR}h͂
    ۂɂ̕܂œ͂ȂłBRs[^[ɓ͂ۂ
    R}hC͂ʒułB
   
 

Chapter 3. 

ł͌߂ĂȂ΂ȂȂڂ܂B}Eg|C
gpɃfBNg쐬܂ÃfBNg̖O߂܂B
̏ꍇ camera ƂOɂ /mnt ɍ܂BfBNg
(̏ꍇ camera ł) ǂȖOɂĂ\܂BfBNg
쐬͎̃R}hōs܂\

[bash]$ mkdir -m 777 /mnt/camera                                       

̓fBNg1AɃTufBNgĎ̎ʐ^
SĂ̒ɒuĂ̂D݂Ȃ̂ŁA picture ƂfBNg
̃z[fBNgɍĂ܂BfBNg (̏ꍇ
picture ł) ǂȖOɂĂ\܂BfBNg̍쐬͎
R}hōs܂\

[bash]$ mkdir -m 777 ~/picture                                         

{ HOWTO  Section A.1 QƂĂB

dvȕ_ł! ̍Ƃ "ʃ[U[" 邢 "X[p[[U[/
root" ƂĂ̂ǂōs܂ ?

 

Chapter 4. XNvgt@C

̃XNvgt@C Linux j[XO[v𐔎ލwǂAʂ
HOWTO }jAǂ񂾌ʁA쐬ł܂BɂXNvg
̓Ǝ̃ACfAɂ̂ł͂ȂAoLȐlXꂽAhoCX
̏W听ł܂Bj[XO[vŎ̎₱ɂTl
񂾎ɓĂꂽ݂Ȃɑ傢Ɋӂ܂B

܂n߂ɁAD݂̃GfB^[găt@CɖOāAʃ[
U[A邢̓X[p[[U[ƂĎ̃XNvg͂ĂB

 

4.1. ʃ[U[ƂăOCĂꍇ

XNvgt@CɎ̒ʂɓ͂Ă\

echo "Please enter a directory name for the pictures."                  
read DIRPATH                                                            
mkdir ~/picture/$DIRPATH                                                
su -c "/sbin/modprobe usb-storage; mount -t vfat /dev/sda1 /mnt/camera; 
/etc/rc.d/init.d/usb start;                                             
mv /mnt/camera/dcim/100msdcf/*.jpg ~/picture/$DIRPATH;                  
umount /mnt/camera;                                                     
chown -R your_login_name ~/picture/$DIRPATH"                            

 

4.2. X[p[[U[ƂăOCĂꍇ

X[p[[U[ƂĎg߂ɂ̃XNvgĂ̂łȂ 
Section 4.3 ɐiłB

XNvgt@CɎ̒ʂɓ͂Ă\

echo "Please enter a directory name for the pictures."                 
read DIRPATH                                                           
mkdir picture/$DIRPATH                                                 
/sbin/modprobe usb-storage                                             
mount -t vfat /dev/sda1 /mnt/camera                                    
/etc/rc.d/init.d/usb start                                             
mv /mnt/camera/dcim/100msdcf/*.jpg picture/$DIRPATH;                   
umount /mnt/camera                                                     
chown -R your_login_name picture/$DIRPATH                              

 

4.3. XNvgs\ɂ

ăXNvgt@C̑s\Ȃ̂ɕς̂Ɏ̃R}h
g܂\

ʃ[U[̏ꍇ\

[bash]$ su -c "chmod a=r+w+x your_script_file_name"                    

X[p[[U[̏ꍇ\

[bash#] chmod a=r+w+x your_script_file_name                            

 

4.4. XNvg̎sɍs鏈

XNvgsƁAƂ̃fBNg쐬܂B DIRPATH 
́AKi[ʐ^ɍ킹OR}hC͂܂B
your_script_file_name = getcamJ ł (J  .jpg Ƃgq
ʐ^擾ƂӖł)AR}h̗͎͂̂悤ɂȂ܂
\

[bash]$ getcamJ                                                        
Please enter a directory name for the pictures.                        
(ʐ^i[fBNg̖O͂Ă)                   
bash]$ something                                                       
Password:                                                              
[bash]$ your root password                                             

̃XNvgX[p[[U[ŎsĺA̒i̎c
ޕKv͂܂B̃XNvgsɂ́AX[p[[U[ɂ
Kv܂B܂ 'su' R}hg܂B -c tbOg1
̃R}hsAʂ݂̎sfBNgɕԂ܂Bp
(quotation) gƃR}ȟɓ͍ڂǉł܂AZ~R
gƕ̃R}hsł܂B

/sbin/modprobe usb-storage\ modprobe R}h USB }XXg[WW
[Kvȑ̃W[hCoƈꏏɃ[h܂B SCSI
hCołB/dev fBNgɎ̃Gg邩mFĂ
\ sda0, sda1, sda2, sda3, sda4, sdb0, sdb1, sdb2, sdb3, sdb4 BɃ}
Egꂽ SCSI foCXȂ΁A sda1 K؂ȃfoCXA
 sdb1 ɃZbgĂB

SCSI hCo}Eg\ mount -t vfat /dev/sda1 /mnt/camera

USB N\ /etc/rc.d/init.d/usb start

ʐ^Jn[hfBXNɓ]ĂBmv gΓɃJ
ʐ^폜ł܂\ mv /mnt/camera/dcim/100msdcf/*.jpg picture/
$DIRPATH;

SCSI hCoA}EgĂ\ umount /mnt/camera

 chown -R your_login_name picture/$DIRPATH s܂BX[p[
[U[ (su) 邢 root ƂĎsʁAt@CƎʐ^̏L҂
root ɂȂ܂Â܂܂ł̓t@CƎʐ^ɑ΂ĉ炩̑
悤ƂĂA permission denied (O)G[ɂȂĂ܂܂B
R}h͂邱Ƃ permission denied G[ł̂ŁAڂ
eɂĂ̓}jAQƂĂB

̃VXeł̓RpC USB SCSI J[lɑgݍ܂AS
W[ƂăRpC܂BŎgXNvǵAǎ҂̃V
XeݒłƂOłBݒłȂΕύX̕Kv
Ȃ̂܂B}jA HOWTO ǂނALinux ̃j[XO[v
Ŏ₵ĂB

 

Chapter 5. sƔ

āA܂łŃZbgAbvAs̏ł͂łBǎ
̃Jŗp\Ȍ`SB肵ʐ^Bɏo܂傤B
̃Jł4ނ̌`A TIFF, GIF, JPEG, MPEG Be\ŁA܂
ɂꂼ̎ʐ^̃TlCg܂B̃\j[ P-50 ł͎Bʐ^
[fBA4̃TutH_[ 100msdcf, imcif100, thm,
moml0001 ɕĊi[܂BTutH_[͍X2̃tH_[
dcim, mssony ̒ɂ܂B̃Jǂ̂悤ȃfBNg
邩mFĂKv܂BtH_[mFɂ͎̕@
g܂\

 E q̃XNvgႤOŃRs[ĂB
   
 E GfB^găXNvgύXĂ\ mv /mnt/camera/dcim/
    100msdcf/*.jpg picture/$DIRPATH Ƃs mv /mnt/camera/* picture
    /$DIRPATH 
   
 E ̂悤ɃR}hCXNvgsĂ\
   
    [bash]$ ./your_script_file_name                                    
   
    (hbgƃXbVYȂ悤)
   
 

5.1. QĂӂ߂OɊmF

ύXXNvgsƃG[N邱Ƃ܂B_ł
G[͖ĂBłāAȂȂƌOɁAʐ^
邩ǂTĂ݂ĂBʐ^fBNgpX
߂Ă܂BGfB^ŃXNvgt@CxJ dcim/
100msdcf/*.jpg ̕߂fBNgpXŒu܂BقȂ
tH[}bg̎ʐ^f[^SĈ悤ɁAtH[}bg̐XN
vg쐬܂傤B

Ńn[hfBXÑfBNǵASection A.2 ̂悤Ɍ͂
B̃R}h͂ĊmFĂ\

[bash]$ dir -R name-of-your-picture-directory                          

{ƃ}jAAHOWTO ɂg΂܂͂łB

ObhbN!

Dave

 

Chapter 6. ł炸ɊmF邱!

܂܂ȂΌǋĂBJgĎʐ^
܂邩ĂBʐ^΂̒i̎c͓ǂݔ΂Ă
BłȂΎʐ^͂ǂɂ͂Ȃ̂ŁAxTĂ
Bʐ^ǂɂȂ邱ƂłȂΎʐ^B蒼܂傤B
J̓d؂AqȂċNĂB

mv R}hgƂɃ}Eg|Cgւ̃N؂ĂȂA /
mnt/camera 邩mFĂBȂ΍ēx쐬Ă
Bft@Ch[h (modefied mode) ł̓}Eg|CgȂȂ
Ă邱Ƃ܂BXɎ̏ꍇ́ÃVXe /dev  SCSI
foCX (sda1) Ƃǂ폜Ă܂B̓_ɂӂ𕥂AK
vł΍č쐬ĂB

G[𔭐XNvgsƂɂł]vȃfBNg͑S
ďāAVXNvgsAmFĂBʃ[
U[[ĥƂɃfBNgƃt@C̏ȒPɍsɂ́A su -
gׂł傤B̍ƂIYꂸɈʃ[U[[h
߂ĂB{ Appendix C QƂĂB

L̂悤ɓ͂Ă\

[bash]$ dmesg                                                          

̂悤ȏo͂mFł͂łB

hub.c: USB new device connect on bus1/1, assigned device number 2                     
usb.c: USB device 2 (vend/prod 0x54c/0x10) is not claimed by any active driver. (The  
0x54c/0x10 will be different for different vendors.)                                  

̏o͂mFł̂ł΁AUSB }XXg[WfoCXF
܂

J̓dāAXNvg(ύXς݂̂)sĂB
dmesg xsƎ̂悤ȏo͂͂ł\

[bash]$ dmesg                                                          
                                                                       
SCSI subsystem driver Revision: 1.00                                   
Initializing USB Mass Storage driver...                                
usb.c: registered new driver usb-storage                               
scsi0 : SCSI emulation for USB Mass Storage devices                    
Vendor: Sony Model: Sony DSC Rev: 3.22                                 
Type: Direct-Access ANSI SCSI revision: 02                             
WARNING: USB Mass Storage data integrity not assured                   
USB Mass Storage device found at 2                                     
USB Mass Storage support registered.                                   
Attached scsi removable disk sda at scsi0, channel 0, id 0, lun 0      
SCSI device sda: 126848 512-byte hdwr sectors (65 MB)                  
sda: Write Protect is off                                              
/dev/scsi/host0/bus0/target0/lun0: p1                                  
usb-uhci.c: interrupt, status 3, frame# 1628                           

̃R}hsāAAppendix B ǂłB

[bash]$ lsmod                                                          

lsmod sʓꂽ Appendix B ̂悤Ȃ̂łA 
dmesg ̏o͓eL̂悤Ȃ̂ł̂ɁAʐ^f[^݂Ȃ
ł΁Aɂ͉ԈĂ̂܂B\Ȃł
Aɂ͑SĂ̎菇ŏ蒼Ă݂܂傤ƂƂ
܂BʏȂʂɏo͂ƂłAɌāA_CNV
IvV >filename gČʂt@Cɏ݁AL2̃j
[XO[v̂ǂ炩ɓeĂ\

 E alt.OS.Linux.mandrake
   
 E comp.OS.Linux.hardware
   
܂łƂ̑SĂāA߂܂傤Bl邱Ƃ̑S
āA񂪑قǗǂ̂łAłɎɓdq[Œm点
ĂB̃AhX daveekelly@earthlink.net <mailto:
daveekelly@earthlink.net> łB

 

Chapter 7. Ō̂܂

SĂɖ]ݒʂ蓮삵ŁAXɖ]ނȂł邱Ƃ܂A
KK{ł͂܂Bs\ȃXNvgAhbgXbV (.
/) OɂăXNvguĂfBNgs
Ă悢A̎s\ȃAvP[VuĂfBNg
CXg[̂Ƃǂłł܂B̂߂ /usr/sbin fBN
głB /usr/sbin ɃCXg[ɂ͎̎菇ōs܂\

[bash]$ install file_name /usr/sbin                                    

 

Appendix A. t^ A

A.1. PART 1

ʐ^pfBNĝɎƂ͎̒ʂłBŏʂ̃f
BNg picture Ɠeɂ킹ÕTufBNg smkbot 
܂B

picture/smkbot:                                                        
dsc00117.jpg dsc00120.jpg dsc00123.jpg dsc00126.jpg dsc00129.jpg       
dsc00118.jpg dsc00121.jpg dsc00124.jpg dsc00127.jpg dsc00130.jpg       
dsc00119.jpg dsc00122.jpg dsc00125.jpg dsc00128.jpg dsc00131.jpg       

 

A.2. PART 2

ύXς݂̃XNvgt@CgƎʐ^̃fBNgɕ
܂܂ÂƂ͂Ő̂łB

picture/trash:                                                         
camera                                                                 
                                                                       
picture/trash/camera:                                                  
dcim mssony                                                            
                                                                       
picture/trash/camera/dcim:                                             
100msdcf                                                               
                                                                       
picture/trash/camera/dcim/100msdcf:                                    
dsc00357.jpg dsc00360.jpg dsc00363.jpg txt00365.gif                    
dsc00358.jpg dsc00361.jpg dsc00364.jpg txt00365.thm                    
dsc00359.jpg dsc00362.jpg dsc00366.jpg                                 
                                                                       
picture/trash/camera/mssony:                                           
imcif100                                                               
                                                                       
picture/trash/camera/mssony/imcif100:                                  
dsc00364.jpg dsc00366.tif                                              

 

Appendix B. t^ B

ŊmF̂́Ausb-storage ̕ Used by ɕ\_ł
\

Module       Size      Used by                                         
nls_iso8859-12880  0   (autoclean)                                     
nls_cp437 4400  0   (autoclean)                                        
sd_mod11792  0   (autoclean)                                           
vfat 9968  0   (autoclean)                                             
fat 32192  0  (autoclean) [vfat]                                       
usb-storage 52528 0                                                    
scsi_mod 91072 2 [sd_mod usb-storage]                                  
ppp_deflate 42208 0  (autoclean)                                       
bsd_comp  4576  0  (autoclean)                                         
ppp_async 6672  0  (autoclean)                                         
ppp_generic 19616  0  (autoclean) [ppp_deflate bsd_comp ppp_async]     
slhc 5136  0  (autoclean) [ppp_generic]                                
parport_pc  20240 1  (autoclean)                                       
lp 5808  0  (autoclean)                                                
parport  24768  1 (autoclean) [parport_pc lp]                          
es1371 26768  1                                                        
soundcore 4208  4 [es1371]                                             
ac97_codec  9312  0  [es1371]                                          
gameport  1856  0  [es1371]                                            
af_packet  12560  0 (autoclean)                                        
ip_vs 62000  0  (autoclean)                                            
usb-uhci  21232  0  (unused)                                           
usbcore  50752  1 [usb-storage usb-uhci]                               
rtc 5600  0  (autoclean)                                               

 

Appendix C. t^ C

eXgp̃fBNgSč폜Ƃ́ÃR}hgĂ
BAꂮӂĂ\

[bash]$ rm -Rf picture/test_directory                                  

z肵ĂȊÔ̂Ȃ邩܂Atest_directory ͏q
XNvg $DIRPATH ɓ͂̂ł͂łB (߂Ďg[U
[͑̏ꏊɃfBNgc[Ă݂Ƃ悢ł傤At@C
fBNgɃRs[āAԂ̂Ȃ悤ȂƂɂȂOɂ̃R
}hxeXgĂB) JԂČ܂A}jA
łB

 

Appendix D. Gnu Free Documentation License

Version 1.1, March 2000

    Copyright (C) 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 59 Temple Place,
    Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA Everyone is permitted to copy
    and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but
    changing it is not allowed.
   
 

D.1. PREAMBLE

The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
written document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the
effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without
modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, this
License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get credit for
their work, while not being considered responsible for modifications
made by others.

This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative works
of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It
complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft license
designed for free software.

We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free
software, because free software needs free documentation: a free
program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the
software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; it
can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or
whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License
principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.

 

D.2. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS

This License applies to any manual or other work that contains a notice
placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed under the
terms of this License. The "Document", below, refers to any such manual
or work. Any member of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as
"you".

A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the
Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
modifications and/or translated into another language.

A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of
the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject
(or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly
within that overall subject. (For example, if the Document is in part a
textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any
mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical
connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal,
commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding
them.

The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles
are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice
that says that the Document is released under this License.

The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed,
as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that
the Document is released under this License.

A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
represented in a format whose specification is available to the general
public, whose contents can be viewed and edited directly and
straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of
pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available
drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or
for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input to
text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file format
whose markup has been designed to thwart or discourage subsequent
modification by readers is not Transparent. A copy that is not
"Transparent" is called "Opaque".

Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain ASCII
without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML or XML
using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple HTML
designed for human modification. Opaque formats include PostScript,
PDF, proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by
proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or
processing tools are not generally available, and the machine-generated
HTML produced by some word processors for output purposes only.

The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself, plus
such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material this
License requires to appear in the title page. For works in formats
which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page" means the text
near the most prominent appearance of the work's title, preceding the
beginning of the body of the text.

 

D.3. VERBATIM COPYING

You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies
to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other
conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use
technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further
copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept
compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough
number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.

You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and
you may publicly display copies.

 

D.4. COPYING IN QUANTITY

If you publish printed copies of the Document numbering more than 100,
and the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must
enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these
Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts
on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify
you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present the
full title with all words of the title equally prominent and visible.
You may add other material on the covers in addition. Copying with
changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of
the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim
copying in other respects.

If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent
pages.

If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering
more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent
copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy
a publicly-accessible computer-network location containing a complete
Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material, which the
general network-using public has access to download anonymously at no
charge using public-standard network protocols. If you use the latter
option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin
distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this
Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location
until at least one year after the last time you distribute an Opaque
copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to
the public.

It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the
Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give
them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.

 

D.5. MODIFICATIONS

You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under
the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release the
Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified
Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution
and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of
it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:

 A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct
    from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions
    (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section
    of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version
    if the original publisher of that version gives permission.
   
 B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities
    responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified
    Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of
    the Document (all of its principal authors, if it has less than
    five).
   
 C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified
    Version, as the publisher.
   
 D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
   
 E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent
    to the other copyright notices.
   
 F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice
    giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the
    terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
   
 G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant
    Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license
    notice.
   
 H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
   
 I. Preserve the section entitled "History", and its title, and add to
    it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and
    publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If
    there is no section entitled "History" in the Document, create one
    stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as
    given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified
    Version as stated in the previous sentence.
   
 J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for
    public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise
    the network locations given in the Document for previous versions
    it was based on. These may be placed in the "History" section. You
    may omit a network location for a work that was published at least
    four years before the Document itself, or if the original publisher
    of the version it refers to gives permission.
   
 K. In any section entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications",
    preserve the section's title, and preserve in the section all the
    substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/
    or dedications given therein.
   
 L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in
    their text and in their titles. Section numbers or the equivalent
    are not considered part of the section titles.
   
 M. Delete any section entitled "Endorsements". Such a section may not
    be included in the Modified Version.
   
 N. Do not retitle any existing section as "Endorsements" or to
    conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
   
If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material
copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all
of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the
list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice.
These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.

You may add a section entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains
nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various parties-\
-for example, statements of peer review or that the text has been
approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a
standard.

You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a
passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list
of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover
Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through
arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already includes
a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or by
arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, you
may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit
permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.

The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License
give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or
imply endorsement of any Modified Version.

 

D.6. COMBINING DOCUMENTS

You may combine the Document with other documents released under this
License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified
versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the
Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and
list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its
license notice.

The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but
different contents, make the title of each such section unique by
adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original
author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number.
Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of Invariant
Sections in the license notice of the combined work.

In the combination, you must combine any sections entitled "History" in
the various original documents, forming one section entitled "History";
likewise combine any sections entitled "Acknowledgements", and any
sections entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections entitled
"Endorsements."

 

D.7. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS

You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other
documents released under this License, and replace the individual
copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy that
is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules of
this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other
respects.

You may extract a single document from such a collection, and
distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a
copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this
License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that
document.

 

D.8. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS

A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate
and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or
distribution medium, does not as a whole count as a Modified Version of
the Document, provided no compilation copyright is claimed for the
compilation. Such a compilation is called an "aggregate", and this
License does not apply to the other self-contained works thus compiled
with the Document, on account of their being thus compiled, if they are
not themselves derivative works of the Document.

If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one quarter
of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on
covers that surround only the Document within the aggregate. Otherwise
they must appear on covers around the whole aggregate.

 

D.9. TRANSLATION

Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute
translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing
Invariant Sections with translations requires special permission from
their copyright holders, but you may include translations of some or
all Invariant Sections in addition to the original versions of these
Invariant Sections. You may include a translation of this License
provided that you also include the original English version of this
License. In case of a disagreement between the translation and the
original English version of this License, the original English version
will prevail.

 

D.10. TERMINATION

You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except
as expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to
copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will
automatically terminate your rights under this License. However,
parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this
License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties
remain in full compliance.

 

D.11. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE

The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the
GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions
will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in
detail to address new problems or concerns. See http://www.gnu.org/
copyleft/.

Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number.
If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this
License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of
following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or
of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the
Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version
number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not
as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.

 

D.12. How to use this License for your documents

To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
the License in the document and put the following copyright and license
notices just after the title page:

     Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME. Permission is granted to copy,
    distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU
    Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or any later version
    published by the Free Software Foundation; with the Invariant
    Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the Front-Cover Texts being
    LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST. A copy of the
    license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation
    License".
   
If you have no Invariant Sections, write "with no Invariant Sections"
instead of saying which ones are invariant. If you have no Front-Cover
Texts, write "no Front-Cover Texts" instead of "Front-Cover Texts being
LIST"; likewise for Back-Cover Texts.

If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to
permit their use in free software.

 

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